The diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound to determine PiCCO-derived extravascular lung water in invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS

The Ultrasound Journal

Table 2 Demographic and clinical patient characteristics at time point 1

n	27
Admission characteristics
Age in years, mean (SD)	65 (9.8)
Male sex, n (%)	12 (44.4)
BMI in kg/m², median [IQR]	29 [26, 33]
ARDS classification (Berlin criteria)
Severe, n (%)	7 (26)
Moderate, n (%)	20 (74)
Days since onset of COVID-19 symptoms, mean (SD)	11.88 (5.31)
SOFA score, median [IQR]	7 [7, 8]
Charlson comorbidity score, median [IQR]	2 [2, 3.5]
Cumulative fluid balance (24 h) in liters, median [IQR]	− 0.11 [− 0.59, 0.23)
IL-6 receptor inhibitors¹, n (%)	23 (85)
Dexamethasone, n (%)	25 (93)
Comorbidities²
COPD, n (%)	0 (0)
Heart failure, n (%)	0 (0)
Renal failure, n (%)	0 (0)
Myocardial infarction, n (%)	1 (3.7)
Ventilation and gas exchange
PaO₂ in kPa, mean (SD)	9.01 (1.36)
PaCO₂ in kPa, mean (SD)	5.53 (1.04)
TV/PBW in ml/kg, median [IQR]	6.1 [5.7, 8.6]
PaO₂/FiO₂ in mmHg, mean (SD)	136 (40)
PEEP in cmH₂O, median [IQR]	10 [8, 12]
Laboratory measurements
Hemoglobin in mmol/L, median [IQR]	8.3 [7.7, 8.8]
Leucocytes × 10⁹/L, median [IQR]	10.8 [8.6, 15.0]
Thrombocytes × 10⁹/L, median [IQR]	320 [259, 385]
D-dimer in mg/L, median [IQR]	3.0 [1.6, 5.4]
Creatinine in micromol/L, median [IQR]	91 [62, 111]
NTproBNP in pg/ml, median [IQR]	180 [116, 424]
PiCCO measurements
EVLW in ml, median [IQR]	1026 [843, 1176]
EVLWi in ml/kg, median [IQR]	14.5 [12.8, 17.1]
PVPI, median [IQR]	3.2 [2.8, 4.1]

¹Tocilizumab (8 mg/kg single intravenous administration) or sarilumab (400 mg single intravenous administration) administered upon Intensive Care Unit admission; ²Known history of the disease at the moment of randomization
ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, BMI Body Mass Index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019, EVLW(i) extravascular lung water (index), FiO₂ fraction of inspired oxygen, ICU intensive care unit, IL-6 = interleukin-6, IQR interquartile range, NTproBNP N-terminal pro hormone brain natriuretic peptide, PaO₂ partial pressure of oxygen, PCR Polymerase chain reaction, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, PiCCO pulse contour cardiac output, PVPI pulmonary vascular permeability index. QT_c corrected QT interval time, SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SD standard deviation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, TV/PBW tidal volume indexed to predicted body weight, PVPI pulmonary vascular permeability index