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The Ultrasound Journal

Table 1 Criteria for inclusion to performed UCA assisted US guided PCN group

From: Ultrasound contrast agent assisted ultrasonography guidance percutaneous nephrostomy for non-hydronephrotic kidney

Clinical necessity to urinate, urethral drainage, urinary diversion or relieve various clinical symptoms caused by urine leakage, etc

No significant dilatation of the renal collecting systema was confirmed in all patients after repeated routine US examination

No severe disorders of blood coagulation, cardiopulmonary insufficiency and pulmonary function

  1. aGrade 0 or 1 renal appearance on the four-grade system used to classify the degree of hydronephrosis with maximum 2–3 mm calyceal separation [19, 20]
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